Article

Name: Semantic differences between Polish and Russian lexical units originating from the same source (lekcja vs lektsiya: on cultural specificity)

Authors: D. O. Dobrovol’skij, A. A. Urazbekova

In the section Linguistics

Abstract: The paper deals with the Polish word lekcja and the Russian word lektsiya (a lecture) that are similar in sounding. We start with the review of dictionary descriptions of the word lekcja in Polish lexicographical sources, indicating the changes in the lexical meaning of the word concerned over time. In a similar way, we analyze the lexicographical description of the Russian word lektsiya. The focus is on the specific features of the meaning-changing process of both words. The study proposes an analysis of relevant examples from mono-, bi- and polylingual dictionaries. Since the typical opposition between the words urok (a lesson) and lektsiya was not evident enough in past centuries, we also describe the basic features of semantic development of the word urok. The paper provides the results of the corpus data study by analyzing and describing the usage contexts of lekcja in the National Corpus of Polish and lektsiya in the Russian National Corpus. Also, the methods of translation of the words under consideration from Polish into Russian and from Russian into Polish respectively are investigated. The paper aims to reveal why these two words that are so similar in sounding have little in common in their semantics in Polish and Russian. This difference is due to the specification of lexical meanings of the words under study in each of the languages compared: having undergone a complex semantic evolution, the Polish word lekcja acquired the key semantics of “a lesson at school,” with the Russian word lektsiya meaning mainly “an oral presentation of a subject by a professor at a university.”

Keywords: polonism, borrowing, Polish, Russian, semantic development, corpus data, parallel corpora, lexicography

Bibliography:

Berynda P. Leksikon slaveno-rosskiy i imen tolkovanie [Slavic-Russian lexicon and interpretation of the names]. Kiev, 1627.

Bol’shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya [Great Soviet Encyclopedia]. B. A. Vvedenskiy (Ed.). 2nd ed. Moscow, Bol’shaya sovetskaya entsikl., 1953.

Bol’shoy slovar’ inostrannykh slov [Big dictionary of foreign words]. V. Yu. Nikitina (Comp.). Moscow, Dom Slavyanskoy Knigi, 2012, 992 p.

Bol‘shoy tolkovyy slovar‘ russkikh sushchestvitel‘nykh: Ideograficheskoe opisanie. Sinonimy. Antonimy. [Big explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns: Ideographic description. Synonyms. Antonyms]. L. G. Babenko (Ed.). 2nd ed. stereot. Moscow, AST PRESS KNIGA, 2005, 864 p.

Bol’shoy tolkovyy slovar’ russkogo yazyka. Pervoe izdanie [Great explanatory dictionary of Russian language. 1st ed.]. S. A. Kuznetsov (Ed.). St. Petersburg, Norint, 2014.

Boryś W. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2005.

Brückner A. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Kraków, 1927.

Dal’ V. I. Tolkovyy slovar’ russkogo yazyka. Sovremennaya versiya [Explanatory dictionary of Russian language. Modern version]. Moscow, Eksmo, 2006, 736 p.

Doroszewski W. Słownik języka polskiego, Warszawa, 1958–1969, vols. 1–11.

Dubrovski P. P. Polnyy slovar’ pol’skago i russkago yazyka [Сomplete dictionary of Polish and Russian]. Warszawa. Nakład Ferdynanda Hösick, 1877, vol. 1, 869 p.

Egorova T. V. Slovar’ inostrannykh slov sovremennogo russkogo yazyka [Dictionary of foreign words in the modern Russian language]. Moscow, Adelant, 2014, 800 p.

Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’ [Encyclopedic dictionary]. St. Petersburg, Tipo-Litografiya I. A. Efrona, 1896, vol. 17A.

Fasmer M. Etimologicheskiy slovar’ russkogo yazyka: V 4 t. 2-e izd. [Etymological dictionary of Russian language: in 4 vols. 2nd ed.]. O. N. Trubachev (Comp.; Transl. from German). Moscow, 1986, vol. 2.

Głowiński M., Sławiński J. Słownik terminów literackich. Wyd. 2., poszerzone i popr. Wrocław, Zakład Narowdowy im. Ossolińskich, 1988.

Jędrzejko A. Słownik wyrazów obcych. Katowice, Videograf Edukacja, 2009, 640 p.

Karłowicz J. Słownik wyrazów obcego a mniej jasnego pochodzenia używanych w języku polskim. Kraków, drukarnia W. L. Anczyca i Spółki, 1894–1905.

Kortowicz E. S. Oczyszciciel mowy polskiej czyli Słownik obcosłów. Poznań, drukarnia Dziennika Poznańskiego, 1891, 352 p.

Kovaleva G. V. Pol’sko-russkiy i russko-pol’skiy slovar’. 9-e izd., ispr. [Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish dictionary. 9th ed., corr.]. Moscow, Russkiy yazyk-Media, Drofa, 2010, 528 p.

Krysin L. P. Tolkovyy slovar’ inoyazychnykh slov. 2-e izd., dop. [Explanatory dictionary of foreign words. 2nd ed., compl.]. Moscow, Russkiy yazyk, 2000.

Ładuba M., Sokołowski T. Słownik mini. Rosyjsko-polski, polsko-rosyjski. Poznań, PONS, 2016, 276 p.

Linde S. B. Słownik języka polskiego. Warszawa, Drukarnia Xsięży Pijarów, 1807–1814.

Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Tolkovyy slovar’ russkogo yazyka: 80 000 slov i frazeologicheskikh vyrazheniy. 4-e izd., dopolnennoe [Explanatory dictionary of Russian language: 80 000 words and phraseological expressions. 4th ed., compl.]. Moscow, Azbukovnik, 1999, 944 p.

Ozhegov S. I. Slovar’ russkogo yazyka: Ok. 60 000 slov i frazeologicheskikh vyrazheniy 25 izd., ispr. i dop. [Russian language dictionary: about 60 000 words and phraseological expressions. 25th ed., corr. and compl.]. L. I. Skvortsova (Ed.). Moscow, Oniks, Mir i Obrazovanie, 2006, 976 p.

Polikarpov-Orlov F. P. Leksikon treyazychnyy, sirech’ recheniy slavyanskikh, ellino-grecheskikh i latinskikh sokrovishch iz razlichnykh drevnikh i novykh knig sobrannoe i po slavyanskomu alfavitu v chin raspolozhennoe [Trilingual lexicon, that is to say, the sayings of Slavic, Hellenic-Greek and Latin treasures from various ancient and new books are collected and in the Slavic alphabet into a rank located]. Moscow, 1704, 806 p.

Potocki Fr. A. Slovar’ pol’skago i russkago yazyka sostavlennyy po nainov”yshim” i luchshim “istochnikam”. Chast' pervaya: pol’sko-russkaya [Dictionary of Polish and Russian language compiled from the best and most current sources. Pt. 1: Polish-Russian]. Leipzig, izdanie Ottona Gol’tse, 1873, 777 p.

Potocki Fr. A. Slovar’ pol’skago i russkago yazyka sostavlennyy po nainov “yshim” i luchshim “istochnikam”. Chast’ vtoraya: russko-pol'skaya [Dictionary of Polish and Russian language compiled from the best and most current sources. Pt. 2: Russian-Polish]. Leipzig, izdanie Ottona Gol’tse, 1876, 754 p.

Russko-pol’skiy tematicheskiy slovar’. 9000 slov [Russian-Polish thematic dictionary. 9000 words]. Moscow, T&P Books Publ., 2014, 258 p.

Shanskiy N. M., Bobrova T. A. Etimologicheskiy slovar’ russkogo yazyka [Etymological dictionary of Russian language]. Moscow, Prozerpina, 1994, 400 p.

Slovar’ Akademii Rossiyskoy [Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. St. Petersburg, Izd. Imp. Akademii nauk, 1792, pt. 3, 761 p.

Slovar’ inostrannykh slov dlya shkol’nikov i studentov [Dictionary of foreign words for schoolchildren and students]. E. Gruber (Comp.). Moscow, Lokid-Press, 2005, 656 p.

Slovar’ russkogo yazyka 11–17 vekov [Dictionary of Russian language in the 11th–17th centuries]. Moscow, Nauka, 1981, iss. 8.

Slovar’ russkogo yazyka 18 veka [Dictionary of Russian language in the 18th century]. St. Petersburg, Nauka, 2000, iss. 11, 256 p.

Slovar’ russkogo yazyka: V 4 t. [Russian language dictionary: In 4 vols]. A. P. Evgen’eva (Ed.). 3rd ed., stereot. Moscow, 1986, vol. 2.

Slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka [Dictionary of modern Russian literary language]. Moscow, Leningrad, AN SSSR, 1957, vol. 6.

Slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka [Dictionary of modern Russian literary language]. N. Z. Kotelova, N. M. Medelets (Eds). Moscow, Leningrad, Nauka, 1964, vol. 16.

Slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka [Dictionary of modern Russian literary language]. K. S. Gorbachevich (Ed.). St. Petersburg, Nauka, 2008, vol. 9.

Slovar’ tserkovno-slavyanskago i russkago yazyka, sostavlennyy vtorym” otdѣleniem” Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk” [Dictionary of church Slavonic and Russian language compiled by the second division of the Imperial Academy of Sciences]. St. Petersburg, 1847, vol. 4.

Słownik języka polskiego PWN. Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2015, 1360 p.

Słownik języka polskiego. Wilno, wydany staraniem i kosztem Maurycego Orgelbranda, 1861, vols. 1–2.

Słownik języka polskiego 17 i 1 Połowy 18 wieku. Kraków, 1996.

Słownik polszczyzny 16 wieku. Wrocław, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1979, vol. 12.

Słownik staropolski. Kazimierz Nitsch [i in.] (eds). Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1963–1965, vol. 4, 382 p.

Słownik wyrazów obcych. Wydanie piętnaste podług zasad pisowni z roku 1936. Wydaw- nictwo M. Arcta w Warszawie, 1937, 408 p.

Słownik wyrazów obcych PWN. Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2013, 443 p.

Sreznevskiy I. I. Materialy dlya slovarya drevne-russkago yazyka po pis’mennym” pamyatnikam” [Materials for Old Russian language dictionary]. St. Petersburg, Tip. Imp. Akademii nauk”,1912, vol 3.

Stypuła R. Slovar’ poslovits i pogovorok. Russko-pol’skiy i pol’sko-russkiy [Dictionary of proverbs and sayings. Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian]. Warszawa, Wiedza Powszechna, 1974, 560 p.

Szober S. Słownik poprawnej polszczyzny. Warszawa, Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza Wied- za,Wydawnictwo S-Arcta w Warszawie, 1948.

Ushakov D. N. Bol’shoy tolkovyy slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo yazyka: 180000 slov i slovosochetaniy [Large explanatory dictionary of modern Russian language: 180 000 words and phrases]. Moscow, Al’ta-Print [et al.], 2008, 1239 p.

Vinogradov V. V. Ocherki po istorii russkogo literaturnogo yazyka 17–19 vv.: Uchebnik. 3-e izd. [Essays on the history of Russian literary language of the 17th–19th centuries: Textbook. 3rd ed.]. Moscow, Vyssh. shk., 1982, 528 p.

Wiśniowski J., Wiśniowska H. Słownik wyrazów obcych i pisownia prawidłowa. Wars- zawa, Wydawnictwo J. Przeworskiego, 1933.

Zaturski Z. Słownik wyrazów obcych z podaniem wymowy. Lwów, 1939.

Zizaniy L. Leksis, sirech’ recheniya vkrattse sobranny i iz slovenskogo yazyka na prosty russkiy diyalekt istolkovany [Lexis, in other words, the speeches are briefly compiled and from the Slovenian language into simple Russian dialect interpreted]. Vil’no, 1596.

Zoltan A. Interslavica. Issledovaniya po mezhslavyanskim yazykovym i kul’turnym kontaktam [Interslavica. Studies on inter-Slavic linguistic and cultural contacts]. Moscow, Indrik, 2014, 224 p.