Article

Name: Features of derived units formed from the stem of adjective khara “black” in the Khakas language

Authors: I. M. Chebochakova

Khakas Research Institute of Language, Literature and History, Abakan, Russian Federation

In the section Linguistics

Abstract: The paper analyzes the derivatives formed from the stem of adjective khara “black” in the structural-semantic aspect. The relatedness of word khara “black” to color words leads to the formation of adjectives with the meaning of incompleteness and intensity of a color characteristic, diminutive adjective, compound adjectives with meanings of intensity, which are used to convey shades of colors, compound nouns, and a verb with the meaning of a color’s development degree. Analytical derivatives are represented by adjectives and nouns. Compound adjectives express the intensity of a color trait and are used to denote mixed shades. Compound nouns with the first component khara name mainly specific objects: living and mythical creatures, plants, objects of nature, kinds of products, place (building). Only two words denote a holiday and a period of time. Names of plants and animals can serve as a stem for the formation of verbs with meanings “to collect the designated plant,” “to hunt the designated.” The symbolism of colors in the people’s culture and worldview has influenced on the formation of figurative meanings of words naming colors and, as a consequence, on the formation of derivative words on the basis of such meanings. Black color was associated with the dark side, the North, night, lower (underground) world. Derivatives kharan “a spirit, dark power,” khara uzut “a dead’s evil soul” appeared due to this symbolism. Thus, Khakas derivatives, formed with the participation of component khara, reflect ancient ideas about the symbolism of black color.

Keywords: Khakas language, word formation, adjectives, derivatives, word-formation family

Bibliography:

Antonov N. K. Imennoye slovoobrazovaniye v yakutskom yazyke [Word-formation of nomina in Yakut language]. Abstract of Cand. philol. sci. diss. Leningrad, 1952, 18 p.

Bavuu-Syuryun M. V. Sovremennyye slovoobrazovatel’nyye protsessy, obuslovlennyye yazykovymi kontaktami (na materiale tuvinskogo yazyka) [Modern word-formation processes, conditioned by language contacts (on the material of Tuvan language)]. Siberian Journal of Philology. 2015, no. 2, pp. 114–123.

Bavuu-Syuryun M. V. Vliyaniye mongol’skogo yazyka na slovoobra-zovatel’nuyu sistemu tuvinskogo yazyka [The influence of Mongolian language on the word-formation system of the Tuva language]. In: Kazan’ i altayskaya tsivilizatsiya: 50-ya yezhegodnaya mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya altaisticheskaya konferentsiya, Kazan’, 1–6 iyunya 2007 g. Trudy i materialy [Kazan and the Altai civilization: the 50th annual intern. sci. altaistic conf., Kazan, June 1–6, 2007: Proc. and materials]. Z. G. Nigmatov (Ed.). Kazan’, Idel-Press, 2007, pp. 27–29.

Burnakov V. A. Dukhi srednego mira v traditsionnom mirovozzrenii khakasov [The spirits of the average world in the traditional world view of the Khakas]. Novosibirsk, IAET SB RAS Publ., 2006, 208 p.

Erdal M. Old Turkic word-formation. A functional approach to lexicon: In 2 Vols. Vol. 2. Wiesbaden, Otto Harrasovitz, 1991, 874 p.

Esipova A. V. Teoreticheskiye problemy slovoobrazovaniya v tyurkskikh yazykakh: na materiale shorskogo yazyka [Theoretical problems of word formation in Turkic languages: on the material of the Shor language]. Abstract of Dr. philol. sci. diss. Moscow, 2011, 50 p.

Esipova A. V. Tyurkskoye slovoobrazovaniye kak yazykovaya sistema [Turkic word formation as a language system]. Novosibirsk, SB RAS Publ., 2011, 198 p.

Grammatika sovremennogo altayskogo yazyka. Morfologiya [Grammar of the modern Altai language. Morphology]. I. A. Nevskaya (Ed.). Gorno-Altaysk, 2017, 576 p.

Ivanova I. B. Affiksal’noye imennoye slovoobrazovaniye v sovremennom yakutskom yazyke (na materiale otglagol’nykh imen sushchestvitel’nykh) [Affixed nominal word formation in the modern Yakut language (based on verbal nouns)]. Abstract of Cand. philol. sci. diss. Yakutsk, 2011, 22 p.

Khakassko-russkiy slovar’ Ok. 22 000 slov [Khakas-Russian dictionary about 22 000 words]. Khakas Research Inst. of Language, Literature and History; O. V. Subrakova (Ed.). Novosibirsk, Nauka, 2006, 1111 p.

Khusainov M. M. O prirode slovoobrazovatel’nykh modeley [On the nature of wordformation models]. Soviet Turkology. 1975, no. 3, pp. 10–19.

Kolesnikova A. V. Affiksal’noye glagoloobrazovaniye v altayskom yazyke v sopostavlenii s drevnetyurkskim yazykom [Affixed verbal formation in the Altai language in comparison with the ancient Türkic language]. Abstract of Cand. philol. sci. diss. Novosibirsk, 2004, 28 p.

Kononov A. N. Semantika tsvetooboznacheniy v tyurkskikh yazykakh [Semantics of colors in Turkic languages]. In: Tyurkologicheskiy sbornik – 1975 [The Turkological collection – 1975]. Moscow, Nauka, 1978, pp. 159–179.

Levitskaya L. S., Dybo A. V., Rassadin V. I. Etimologicheskiy slovar' tyurkskikh yazykov. Obshchetyurkskiye i mezhtyurkskiye leksicheskiye osnovy na bukvy “K” (~ “G”) i “Қ” (~ “Ӄ” ~ “K”). Vyp. 1 [Etymological dictionary of Turkic languages. Common Turkic and inter-Turkic lexical bases on the letters “K” (~ “G”) and “Ⱪ” (~ “Ӄ” ~ “K”). Iss. 1]. G. F. Blagova (Ed.). Moscow, LRC Publ. House, 1997, 368 p.

L’vova E. L., Oktyabr’skaya I. V., Sagalayev A. M., Usmanova M. S. Traditsionnoye mirovozzreniye tyurkov Yuzhnoy Sibiri. Prostranstvo i vremya. Veshchnyy mir [The traditional world view of the Turks of Southern Siberia. Space and time. Real world]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1988, 225 p.

Rezanova Z. I. Slovoobrazuyushchiye vozmozhnosti sushchestvi-tel’nogo (na materiale sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka) [Word-forming abilities of the noun (based on the material of the modern Russian literary language)]. Abstract of Cand. philol. sci. diss. Tomsk, 1983, 20 p.

Sravnitel’no-istoricheskaya grammatika tyurkskikh yazykov: Leksika [Comparative-historical grammar of Turkic languages. Vocabulary]. E. R. Tenishev (Ed.). Moscow, Nauka, 2001, 822 p.

Suvandii N. D. Tuvinskaya antroponimiya [Tuvan anthroponymy]. Kyzyl, 2011, 153 p.

Svechkareva Ya. V. O derivatsionnom potentsiale slova kak yazykovaya kategoriya [On the derivational potential of a word as a language category]. Tomsk State University Journal. 2006, no. 111, pp. 15–17.

Tarakanova I. M. Diminutivy v khakasskom yazyke [Diminutives in the Khakas language]. Abakan, Servisnyy punkt, 2011, 116 p.

Tarakanova I. M. Slovoobrazovaniye imen sushchestvitel’nykh v khakasskom yazyke (v sopostavitel’nom aspekte) [Word formation of nouns in Khakas language (in comparative aspect)]. Abakan, Khakas. kn. izd, 2008, 174 p.

Tatarintsev B. I. Etimologicheskiy slovar’ tuvinskogo yazyka [Etymological dictionary of Tuvan language.]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 2004, vol. 3, 440 p.

Tuguzhekova T. N. Morfologicheskiye osobennosti prilagatel’nogo khyzyl v khakasskom yazyke [Morphological features of the adjective khyzyl in the Khakas language]. Sayan-Altay Scientific Review. 2015, no. 2, pp. 37–40.

Tuguzhekova T. N. Prilagatel’noye zheltyy i ego sochetayemost’ s sushchestvitel’nymi, nazyvayushchimi cheloveka v russkoy yazykovoy kartine mira [Adjective yellow and its compatibility with nouns, who call the person in the Russian language picture of the world]. In: Yazyk, kul’tura, kommunikatsiya: aspekty vzaimodeystviya: Nauch.-metodicheskiy byul. Vyp. 5 [Language, culture, communication: aspects of interaction: scientific and methodological bulletin. Iss. 5]. I. V. Pekarskaya (Ed.). Abakan, Khakas State Univ. Publ., 2009, pp. 135–147.

Tuguzhekova T. N. Sochetayemost’ prilagatel’nogo siniy s sushchestvitel’nymi, nazyvayushchimi cheloveka, v russkom yazyke [Compatibility of the adjective blue with nouns that call a person in Russian]. Vestnik Khakasskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N. F. Katanova. 2007, ser. 5, iss. 8, pp. 12–15.

Ubryatova E. I. Parnyye slova v yakutskom yazyke [Paired words in the Yakut language]. In: Yazyk i myshleniye. Vyp. 2 [Language and thinking. Iss. 2]. Moscow, Leningrad, AN SSSR, 1948, pp. 297 –328.

Ubryatova E. I. Udvoyeniye osnovy slova v yakutskom yazyke [Doubling the foundations of a word in the Yakut language]. In: Ubryatova E. I. Izbr. tr. Issledovaniya po tyurkskim yazykam [Selected Works. Studies on the Turkic languages]. N. N. Shirobokova (Ed.). Novosibirsk, Editorial and Publ. Center of NSU, 2011, pp. 211–218.

Vasil’yeva Ye. V. Slovoobrazovatel’nyy potentsial mnogoznachnykh prilagatel’nykh v sfere proizvodstva imen lits [Word-formation potential of many-valued adjectives in the sphere of the production of person names]. Siberian Journal of Philology. 2004, no. 4, pp. 215–219.