Article

Name: Linguistics of the 21st century on the path to the integrated theory of metaphor

Authors: I. V. Novitskaya

Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation

In the section Linguistics

Abstract: The philosophical, linguistic, and psychological debate about the phenomenon of metaphor has been going on for a long time. This debate encompasses many issues concerning various aspects of metaphor and its applications. This paper draws on dozens of European and American metaphor studies and presents the results of their analytical overview. This analysis enables one to summarize a range of topical issues addressed and examined in multiple research programs all over the world. One of the challenging research issues is the development of a comprehensive theory of metaphor that will integrate cognitive, communicative, pragmatic and linguistic approaches to the interpretation and study of this phenomenon. To date, the most ground-breaking and influential theoretical model of metaphor has been the conceptual metaphor theory of J. Lakoff and M. Johnson for it simulated the evolution of a cognitive-linguistic approach to the figurative vocabulary analysis. So far, several hypotheses about the cognitive reality of metaphoric thought and language have been proposed. However, none of them has turned out to be a single theory capable of accounting for a complex nature and all peculiarities of functioning of metaphor. On these grounds, a multi-dimensional and multi-disciplinary framework for studying metaphor has been proposed, including the analysis of metaphor in language, thought, and communication. Including the latter parameter in the research focus has triggered the development of hybrid or integrated theoretical models of metaphor (e.g., hybrid theories by M. Tendahl and H. Stöver). These theories are grounded in a combination of conceptual metaphor theory with pragmatically based theories, which is expected to offer new perspectives on the interpretation of the interaction of linguistic, cognitive, and communicative characteristics of metaphor in discourse.

Keywords: theory of metaphor, hybrid theory of metaphor, conceptual metaphor theory, relevance theory, European linguistics, American linguistics

Bibliography:

Baranov A. N. Deskriptornaya teoriya metafory [The descriptive theory of metaphor]. Moscow, LRC Publishing House, 2014, 632 p.

Budaev E. V., Chudinov A. P. Kognitivnaya teoriya metafory: novye gorizonty [A cognitive theory of metaphor: new horizons]. Izvestia. Ural Federal UniversityJournal. Series 1. Issues in Education, Science and Culture. 2013, no. 1, pp. 6–13.

Budaev E. V., Chudinov A. P. Metafora v politicheskom interdiskurse [The metaphor in political interdiscourse]. Ekaterinburg, USPU Publ., 2006, 215 p.

Barsalou L.W. Situated conceptualization // Handbook of categorization in cognitive science. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2005. Р. 619–650.

Black M. Models and Metaphors: Studies in Language and Philosophy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962. 267 р.

Burke K. A Grammar of Motives. New York: Prentice Hall, 1945. 530 p.

Caballero M. R. Re-viewing Space: Figurative Language in Architects’ Assessment of Built Space. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. 261 p.

Cameron L. What is metaphor and why does it matter? // Cameron L., Maslen R. (eds.). Metaphor Analysis: Research Practice in Applied Linguistics, Social Sciences and the Humanities. London: Equinox, 2010а. P. 3–25.

Cameron L. The discourse dynamics framework for metaphor // Cameron L., Maslen R. (eds.). Metaphor Analysis: Research Practice in Applied Linguistics, Social Sciences and the Humanities. London: Equinox, 2010b. P. 77–94.

Cameron L., Low G. (eds.). Researching and applying metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 295 p.

Camp E. Showing, Telling and Seeing. Metaphor and “Poetic” Language // Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication. 2007. Vol. 3 (1). P. 7.

Carston R. Metaphor, ad hoc concepts and word meaning – more questions than answers // UCL working papers in linguistics. 2002. Vol. 14. P. 83–105.

Carston R. Metaphor: ad hoc concepts, literal meaning and mental images // Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 2010. Vol. 110 (3). P. 297–323.

Charteris-Black J. Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. 263 p.

Croft W., Cruse D. A. Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 356 p.

Deignan A., Littlemore J., Semino E. Figurative language, genre and register. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 327 p.

Gibbs R. W., Jr. When is metaphor? The idea of understanding in theories of metaphor // Poetics today. 1992. P. 575–606.

Gibbs R. W., Jr. (ed.). The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 550 p.

Holyoak K. J., Stamenković D. Metaphor comprehension: A critical review of theories and evidence // Psychological Bulletin. 2018. Vol. 144 (6). P. 641–671.

Kövecses Z. Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. 375 p.

Kövecses Z. Recent developments in metaphor theory: Are the new views rival ones? // Review of Cognitive Linguistics. Published under the auspices of the Spanish

Cognitive Linguistics Association. 2011. Vol. 9 (1). P. 11–25.

Lakoff G. The contemporary theory of metaphor // Ortony A. (ed.). Metaphor and Thought. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 678 p.

Lakoff G., Johnson M. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. 242 p.

Musolff A., Zinken J. (eds.). Metaphor and Discourse. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 269 p.

Richards I. A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric [1936]. Ed. by John Constable. London: Routledge, 2001. 94 p.

Richardson J. E. Religious Metaphor and Cross-Cultural Communication: Transforming National and International Identities // Brigham Young University Studies. 2011. Vol. 50 (4). P. 61–74.

Ritchie L. D. Metaphor (Key Topics in Semantics and Pragmatics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 230 p.

Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez F. J., Perez Hernandez L. The contemporary theory of metaphor: Myths, developments and challenges // Metaphor and Symbol. 2011. Vol. 26 (3). P. 161–185.

Sanford D. Figuration & Frequency: A Usage-Based Approach to Metaphor. Doctoral dissertation. University of New Mexico, 2010. 183 p.

Semino E. Metaphor in Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 247 p.

Semino E., Demjén Z. (eds.). The Routledge handbook of metaphor and language. Taylor & Francis, 2016. 541 p.

Semino E., Demjén Z., Demmen J. An integrated approach to metaphor and framing in cognition, discourse, and practice, with an application to metaphors for cancer // Applied Linguistics. 2016. Vol. 39 (5). P. 625–645.

Sperber D., Wilson D. A deflationary account of metaphors // Gibbs R. W. (ed.). The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Vol. 18. P. 84–105.

Steen G. J. The contemporary theory of metaphor – now new and improved! // Review of Cognitive Linguistics. Published under the auspices of the Spanish Cognitive Linguistics Association. 2011. Vol. 9 (1). P. 26–64.

Steen G. J., Dorst A. G., Herrmann J. B., Kaal A., Krennmayr T. Metaphor in usage // Cognitive Linguistics. 2010. Vol. 21 (4). P. 757–788.

Stöver H. Metaphor and Relevance Theory: A New Hybrid Model. Doctoral dissertation. University of Bedfordshire, 2010. 230 p.

Style. Cognitive Approaches to Figurative Language. 2002. Vol. 36, no. 3. P. 572– 574.

Tendahl M. A hybrid theory of metaphor: Relevance theory and cognitive linguistics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 282 p.