Text 1
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON

     A little over sixty years ago, on January 28, 1902 Andrew Carnegie founded what was to become a new kind of institution for America: the first to be devoted wholly to fundamental research over wide fronts of science, in the most completely basic aspect.
     The Carnegie Institution of Washington was established specifically to encourage, in the broadest and most liberal manner, investigation, research, and discovery and the application of knowledge to the improvements of mankind.
     The scientists in the Department of the Institution have no commitment except to carry on research; they are not required to teach; they choose their own fields of investigation.
     Carnegie Institution scientists in the last sixty years have made far-ranging major contributions to knowledge in almost every field of science. They have been pioneers in opening new areas. At present, Carnegie Institution's interests are mainly in three broad fields: 1) the form, contents and dynamics of the universe; 2) the structure and evolution of the earth; and 3) the frontiers of biology. Work in these pioneering areas is being carried on in six research centres operated by the Institution and by individual scientists and research teams. The six research centres are:
     The Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories which are operated jointly by the Carnegie Institution and California Institute of Technology.
     These observatories have two of the world's largest telescopes, and are currently engaged in programs on the physical nature and evolution of celestial bodies, and on the structure and dimensions of the Universe.
     The Geophysical Laboratory which conducts broad physiochemical studies on the structure, formation and evolution of the Earth's crust to learn more about the physical and biological history, composition and internal make up of our planet.
     The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. Research at this Department covers a wide range of subjects, including the magnetic and electrical fields of the, earth, radio astronomy, geophysics of the earth's crust and mantle, isotope geology, nuclear physics and biosynthesis, touching also on basic genetics.
     The Department of Embriology. There are investigated the processes by means of which egg cells develop into individual.
     The Department of Biology at Stanford, California. This Department studies photosynthesis, by which plants manufacture organic matter.
     The Genetic Research Unit at Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Studies undertaken by this Unit consider the mechanisms by which life processes are directed in the living cell.
     In addition to its own full-time staff, the Carnegie Institution annually invites selected scientists of inter national reputation to spend time at its research centres, making use of the specialized instruments and facilities of the Institution.
     The results of the Institution's research are freely and promptly presented to the world through scientific journals and scientific meetings, lectures and symposia In all, the Institution has published more than 800 titles, some consisting of several volumes.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Give Russian equivalents to the sentences below paying special attention to the parts in italics.

1. On January 28, 1902 Andrew Carnegie founded what was to become a new kind of institution for America. 2. Carnegie Institution was the first to be devoted wholly to fundamental research over wide fronts of science in the most completely basic aspect. 3. Carnegie Institution was established specifically to encourage investigation, research and discovery. 4. The only commitment the scientists of this Institution is to carry on research. 5. They choose their own fields of investigation. 6. The scientists in the last sixty years have made far-ranging major contributions to knowledge. 7. Work in the pioneering areas is being carried on in six research centres. 8. The research centres are operated by the Institution and by individual scientists and research teams. 9. The observatory is currently engaged in programs on the physical nature and evolution of celestial bodies. 10. The Geophysical Laboratory conducts broad studies on the structure, formation and evolution of the earth's crust. 11. Research at this Department covers a wide range of subjects.

Ex. 2. Insert articles where necessary.

A

1. This Institute was established . . . little over sixty years ago. 2. It is one of . . . first institutions of . . . new kind. It was devoted wholly to . . . fundamental research. 3. . . . researchers of . . . Institution have made . . . tremendous progress in. . . . twenty years. 4. This laboratory carries on . . . broad studies on . . . structure of. . . . universe. 5. At . . . present everybody must learn more about. . . . physical history of our planet. 6 . . . research of this laboratory covers . . . wide range of subjects. 7. One of . . . teams works in . . . field of . . . nuclear physics. 8. Another laboratory investigates.. . process of . . . manufacturing . . . organic matter.

В

9. Our Institute was established . . . little over twenty years ago. 10. It was devoted to . . . theoretical research. 11. Our laboratory conducts . . . broad studies in . . . various aspects of . . . inorganic chemistry. 12. What subjects does . . . research carried on at your laboratory cover? 13. Are you familiar with . . . structure of . . . chemical compounds? 14. Have you ever read any books on . . . genetics?

Ex. 3. Answer the questions.

1. Who was the founder of the Carnegie Institution? 2. When was the Carnegie Institution founded? 3. What was the Carnegie Institution to be devoted to? 4. What is the only 'commitment the scientists of the C. I.? 5. What contribution did the scientists of this Institution make to knowledge? 6. How many research centres carry on work in the pioneering areas? 7. How are the research centres operated? 8. What is the observatory currently engaged in? 9. What kinds of studies does the Geophysical Laboratory conduct? 10. Where are biological studies carried on at the Carnegie Institution? 11. Whom does the Carnegie Institution annually invite to carry on studies so as to use the facilities of the Institution? 12. How are the results of the Institution's research presented to the world?

Ex. 4. Give an affirmative or negative answer to the following questions adding some details.

     Model:
     1. Do you work in the field of molecular physics?
     2. a) Yes, I do.
          b) No, I don't. I work in the field of organic chemistry (biology, etc.).

1. Are there any unsolved problems in your field of science? 2. Are you going to work in the laboratory of embriology? 3. Does your research unit investigate the processes occurring in cells? 4. Will you be engaged in a new program of your laboratory research? 5. Were similar investigations carried on in several research centres? 6. Has any progress been made in science in the last fifty years in your field?

Ex. 5. Answer the questions. Note the use of preposition in.

1. What kind of research is your laboratory (team, department, Institute) engaged in? 2. What field of science did N. Bohr (Ch. Darwin, P. L. Capitza) work in? 3. What papers (monographs) has your supervisor published in recent years (months)? 4. What processes in the human organism (cells, nuclei) does your laboratory (research unit) study? 5. In what field of biology (physics, etc.) does your laboratory carry on research?

Ex. 6. Insert prepositions where necessary.

A

1. The only commitment . . . the scientists . . . the Departments . . . Carnegie Institution is to carry on research. 2. Fundamental research is carried on . . . wide fronts . . . science. 3. The knowledge obtained must be applied . . . the improvements . . . mankind. 4. The interests . . . Carnegie Institution are mainly . . . three broad fields. 5. All the research centres are operated . . . the Institution and . . . individual scientists. 6. The Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories are currently engaged . . . programs . . . the physical nature . . . the Universe. 7. This laboratory conducts broad studies . . . the evolution . . . the earth's crust. 8. At present electronics has developed . . . a wide branch . . . science. 9. Selected scientists work . . . the research centres . . . the Carnegie Institution. 10. The results . . . the research work are promptly presented . . . the world . . . scientific publications.11. My adviser devotes much time . . . studying . . . the papers . . . other scientists. 12. Can you apply your knowledge . . . English . . . your work? 13. Our scientists carry . . . research . . . various fields of science. 14. . . . present our interests are mainly . . . two broad fields. 15. Our research team is engaged . . . organizing experiments. 16. Science . . . this country has made a tremendous progress . . . the last fifty years. 17. Usually the field stations are operated . . . the research centres. 18. The laboratory I work . . . conducts broad studies . . . the structure of atomic nuclei. 19. Our laboratory has recently developed . . . a separate Institute. 20. . . . the moment a new fundamental work . . . our team is being presented . . . the world.

Ex. 7. A. Answer the questions as in the model.

     Model:
     1. When was your laboratory established?
     2. As far as I know, it was established in 1957.

1. Who established the law of gravity (the structure of DNA)? 2. When was your laboratory established in the new building of the Institute? 3. What kind of research is encouraged at your Institute? 4. Who encouraged your interests in biology (physics)? 5. What work were you engaged in last year? 6. What laboratories (research units) are engaged in the same program?

B. Summarize your answers in a short talk about your laboratory and your research.

Ex. 8. Confirm the statements according to the model.

     Model:
     1. This work was a great contribution to science.
     2. a) Yes, indeed it was (a great contribution to science).
          b) That's quite right. It was a great contribution to science.

1. The Carnegie Institution was established in order to encourage investigation, research and discovery. 2. The scientists choose their own fields of investigation. 3. At present the Carnegie Institution's interests are mainly in three broad fields. 4. The work is being carried on in six research centres operated by the Institution. 5. The task of the Geophysical Laboratory is to learn more about the physical and biological history of our planet. 6. The observatories are currently engaged in programs on the structure and dimensions of the Universe. 7. The research at the Institution covers a wide range of subjects. 8. Scientists of international reputation are annually invited by the Carnegie Institution to work at its research centres.

Ex. 9. A. Say a few words about Darwin's, Newton's, Bohr's or any other scientist's contribution to science.

U s e: contribute to our understanding of . . . ; make a great contribution to . . . ; discover the law of . . . ; suggest (advance) the idea theory) of . .

.     Model: Darwin made a great contribution to science. He advanced the idea of the origin of species.

           B. Say a few words about your Institute (laboratory, research unit, team).

U s e: be founded, be established; be engaged in; be encouraged; be interested in; conduct; carry ore; perform; learn; make progress in; make use of; make contribution to.

     Mоdel: The Institute of Cytology was founded in 1957.

Ex. 10. Answer the following questions.

A

1. When was the Carnegie Institution founded? 2. Who was the founder of this Institution? 3. What is the Institution famous for? 4. Why was it a new kind of institution? 5. What kind of research was it devoted to? 6. What was the Carnegie Institution established for? 7. Are the scientists of the Institution required to teach? 8. Do they choose their own field of investigation? 9. What won them international reputation? 10. What are the interests of the Institution at present? 11. Where is the work being carried on? 12. Who operates the research centres of the Institution? 13. What are these research centres? 14. What kind of work do these research centres carry on? 15. How are the results of the Institution's work made known to the world?

B

16. Will you tell us what the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories are famous for? 17. What is the work of Geographical Laboratory aimed at? 18. What studies does it conduct? 19. Will you characterize the work of the Carnegie Institution? 20. Tell us a few words of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. 21. What is the main problem the Genetic Research Institute is working at now? 22. What do you know about the staff of the Carnegie Institution?

C

23. What Institute do you work at? 24. Where is it situated? 25. When was it founded? 26. Who was the founder of your Institute? 27. What kind of research does your Institute carry on? 28. Does your Institute consist of laboratories or departments? 29. What field of investigations have you chosen? 30. Who manages the Institute you work at? 31. Do you carry on individual research (work)? 32. How many research teams have you got at your laboratory? 33. What is the full-time staff of your Institute? 34. What are the facilities available at your Institute (laboratory)? 35. Is an applied research encouraged at your Institute? 36. Did your supervisor encourage you to read a paper at the conference? 37. What theory is your experiment based on? 38. What methods do you apply in your research? 39. Are there any scientists of international reputation working at your Institute? 40. Does your research cover a wide range of subjects? 41. What problems are you going to touch on in your thesis?

D

42. What is the subject of your thesis? 43. When did you get interested in the problem? 44. Who encouraged your interest in the problem? 45. Who advised you to take up this problem? 46. What is the aim of your study (research)? 47. What kind of work is it: experimental or theoretical? 48. How long have you been working at the problem? 49. How many chapters (parts) do you plan to have in your thesis? 50. When are you going to read your thesis?

Ex. 11. Agree to the statements below using some of the following introductory phrases: so it is; of course, it is; it is really; your are quite right; I quite agree with yon, etc.

     Model:
     1. As far as I know, Carnegie Institution is a pioneering Institution.
     2. Indeed, the Carnegie Institution is a pioneering Institution.

A

1. To my mind, this Institution is very important. 2. As far as I can judge, the Carnegie Institution is established specifically to encourage investigation and discovery. 3. It seems to me that the scientists at the Institution have no commitment except to carry on research. 4. It is said that at present Carnegie Institution's interests are mainly in three broad fields. 5. As far as I know, there are several departments at this Institution. 6. The most important work is carried on by the Geophysical Laboratory.

B

7. I hear you work at a research institute. 8. They say you carry on a very interesting research. 9. As far as I know, your field of research is chemistry (physics, biology, etc.). 10. It seems to me your Institute is one of the oldest in this country. 11. It is widely recognized that the publication of scientific papers is necessary. 12. I think fundamental research should preceed the applied one.

Ex. 12. Say a few words about your research. Use words and phrases such as:

a) conduct studies (research, investigation, experiment);
apply one's knowledge (a new method, technique, theory);
choose one's speciality (topic, field, method, technique).
b) fundamental research (study, discovery, investigation, knowledge); basic (main, chief) problem (aspect, method, contribution); pioneering area (work, research, investigation); scientific journal (meeting, lecture, publication).

Ex. 13. Translate into English.

A

1. Когда был основан Фонд Карнеги? 2. Кто был основателем этого учреждения? 3. Какой работой занимается это учреждение? 4. С какой целью оно было создано? 5. Чем занимаются научные работники этого учреждения? 6. Какой вклад сделали они в развитие науки за последние 60 лет? 7. Какие три области знаний интересуют Фонд Карнеги в настоящее время? 8. Кто руководит исследовательскими центрами? 9. Каких проблем касаются сейчас исследовательские центры Фонда Карнеги?

В

10. Институт цитологии Академии наук СССР был создан в 1957 году профессором Насоновым. 11. В настоящее время вся работа этого института проводится десятью лабораториями. 12. Исследования ведут как отдельные ученые, так и научно-исследовательские группы. 13. Наша группа сейчас работает по программе (изучения) физики твердых тел. 14. Каждый ученый стремится узнать как можно больше в своей области. 15. Вам следует рассмотреть эту проблему и изучить ее особенности (peculiarities). 16. Штат нашего института не очень велик. 17. Все лаборатории могут пользоваться оборудованием, которое принадлежит (to belong) институту. 18. Результаты исследований института публикуются в научных журналах, представляются на научных конференциях. 19. Недавно была опубликована работа профессора П.

Ex. 14. Give a talk about your Institute using the following list of expressions as a plan.

     Model: The Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute was founded in. . . . It is named after
. . . because he . . . .

1. The Institute of Physics (Chemistry, High Molecular Compounds, Mathematics, Biology, etc.). 2. The Institute is named after. . . . 3. The Institute is situated in . . . street (in . . . lane (alley), on (in) . . . avenue, on the . . . square, on . . . embankment). 4. The Institute occupies a large (small, new, old, multistoried) building (house), several buildings. 5. The Institute was established (founded, built, erected) by . . . in . . . (date). 6. The Institute is headed (run) by. . . . 7. The staff of the Institute consists of researchers (research workers: senior research workers, junior research workers) and laboratory assistants. 8. The Scientific Council of the Institute consists of the chairman of the Scientific Council, the learned secretary and several members. 9. A scientist (researcher) may be characterized as prominent (well-known, famous, outstanding, hard-working, clever, diligent, industrious, etc.).

Text 2
LABORATORY FOR THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
(JOHN B. PIERCE FOUNDATION)

     The three-story red-brick building on Congress Avenue in New Haven, Connecticut, is next to the Yale University Medical School.
     The legend on the column-supported architrave reads: "John B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory". The bronze statue standing on the triangular patch of lawn to the right of the building is of John B. Pierce himself, the American Standard Radiator Company president who gave his estate to start the foundation which bears his name.
     "Bio-engineering" is the key word in the activities and interests of the Pierce Laboratory denoting its basic orientation towards the fields of physiology, biophysics, biochemistry and engineering research. In 1962 a grant from the National Institute of Health made possible an expansion of the original two-story structure in New Haven, completed in 1933, and a one-story ''annex added in 1937 to a three-story building.
     The original building contained two test houses designed for the simultaneous study of building construction and physiological comfort.
     These facilities still exist with considerable modernization. The present facilities contain laboratories for biophysics, environmental physiology, bioclimatology and psychology as well as computer and data reduction centre.
Under the guidance of Dr. H. T. Hammel, head of the Physiology Laboratory, experiments have been under way to determine the effect of heating and cooling upon the brain. These experiments have been performed at the Laboratory upon monkeys, rats and dogs.
In the Bio-engineering Laboratory, directly headed by Dr. Gadge, work is going forward under the direction of Dr. Arend Bouhuys on the effects of dust on guinea pig lungs.
     Closely allied in its work with the Yale University Medical School (many of the Pierce Laboratory staff hold faculty appointments and participate in the Yale teaching and research programs) much of the Laboratory's effort has direct educational results, especially in its concepts of bio-engineering.
     Many technical papers and reports result from the research accomplished at the Laboratory and a notable number of papers have appeared in publications, having been presented at national meetings of the Society.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Give Russian equivalents to the sentences below paying special attention to the parts in italics.

1. John B. Pierce started the foundation which bears his name. 2. "Bio-engineering" is the key word in the activities and interests of the laboratory. 3. The basic orientation of the laboratory is towards physiology.4. The original building contained two test houses.5. These facilities still exist with considerable modernization. 6. Under the guidance of Dr. H. I. Hammel, head of the Physiology Laboratory, experiments have been under way. 7. Many of the Pierce Laboratory Staff hold faculty appointments and participate in the Yale teaching and research programs. 8. Many technical papers result from the research accomplished at the Laboratory. 9. A notable number of papers have appeared in publications having been presented at national meetings of the Society.

Ex. 2. Insert articles where necessary.

A

1. . . . three-story building is next to . . . Yale University Medical School. 2. . . . statue of John Pierce is standing to . . . right of . . . building. 3. John B. Pierce started . . . foundation of . . . Institution. 4. . . . grant from . . . National Institution of Health made possible . . . expansion of . . . original two-story building. 5. . . . present facilities contain many different laboratories. 6. These facilities still exist with . . . considerable modernization.

B

7. Our Institute occupies . . . five-story building. 8. On . . . left of . . . building of . . . Admiralty there is . . . bronze statue of Peter I. 9. What can you say about . . . activities of your laboratory? 10. . . . expansion of this Institute is . . . problem of . . . nearest future. 11. Who is . . . head of your Institute? 12. Dr. N. works on . . . effects of X-rays on . . . human beings.

Ex. 3. Answer the following questions. Note prepositions in the questions and in your answers.

1. How many research Institutions are there in Leningrad? 2. Where is your Institute situated (district, street)? 3. When was the building of your Institute built? 4. How many laboratories are there at your Institute? 5. What kind of research does your laboratory carry on (is carried on in your laboratory)? 6. Who is the head of your laboratory? 7. Where do you publish the results of your investigations?

Ex. 4. Answer the following questions adding some introductory phrases as in the model.

Model:
a)
1. (As far as I know) Niels Bohr was a biologist.
2. Oh no, I am afraid you are wrong. To my knowledge, he was a physicist.
b)
1. You go to your Institute by the underground (metro), don't you?
2. Not exactly. I go by the underground first and then change for a bus.
с)
1. Are you satisfied with the results of your experiment?
2. Not quite, I hoped to obtain more interesting data.

1. You are a specialist in literature, aren't you? 2. Does your laboratory (research unit) carry on any joint research with some other laboratories? 3. Does the whole staff of the laboratory participate in one research project? 4. Is your Institute situated in the old district of the city? 5. Does the Institute occupy several buildings? 6. Have any new laboratories been formed at your Institute in recent years?

Ex. 5. Give English equivalents to the following sentences. Use the words from the text.

1. Здание нашего института расположено недалеко (рядом) от университета. 2. Институт цитологии АН СССР был основан профессором Насоновым в 1957 году. 3. В настоящее время наш институт занимает несколько зданий. 4. Наша лаборатория имеет современное оборудование для проведения исследований на высоком уровне. 5. Все сотрудники лаборатории участвуют в работе над (по) повой программой. 6. В лаборатории проводятся важные исследования. 7. Работа нашей группы связана с исследованиями, которые проводит биохимическая лаборатория. 8. В прошлом году сотрудники лаборатории опубликовали ряд интересных статей.

Ex. 6. Confirm the following statements as in the model using synonyms to the words: appoint, contain, start, perform, be educated, activity, guidance, modern, in addition to

     Model:
     1. As far as I remember the foundation of Leningrad was begun in the XVII century.
     2. You are quite right, the foundations of Leningrad was started in 1703.

1. The study of Halley's Comet is made under the direction of most prominent astronomers. 2. The experiments were carried on successfully. 3. The date of the congress was settled several months ago. 4. Gh. Darwin was well taught at school as well as at the University.5. In 1837 Darwin had begun a notebook in which he entered facts concerning natural selection. 6. Our laboratory has got some new equipment besides a sound-proof chamber. 7. The equipment appeared to be quite up-to-date. 8. There are many useful data in this paper.

Ex. 7, Insert prepositions where necessary.

A

1. Laboratory for the Human Environment is a three-story building . . . Congress Avenue. 2. The statue . . . the founder . . . the Laboratory is . . . the right . . . building. 3. Bio-engineering is the main branch . . . the activities . . . the Laboratory. 4. The basic orientation . . . this laboratory is . . . the fields of physiology, biochemistry and allied sciences. 5. Two test houses are designed . . . the simultaneous study . . . building construction and physiological comfort. 6. Experiments are . . . way . . . the guidance of Dr. Hammel. 7. The aim . . . the experiments is to determine the effect . . . heating and cooling . . . the brain. 8. They study the effects . . . X-rays . . . monkeys. 9. The Laboratory staff participate . . . the Yale research program. 10. The laboratory is closely allied . . . its work . . . the Yale University Medical School. 11. The technical papers which resulted . . . the research appear . . . publications.

B

12. Our laboratory is . . . the third floor . . . the right . . . library. 13. He works . . . Professor P. who is the head . . . this laboratory. 14. . . . the moment some very interesting experiments are . . . way . . . our laboratory. 15. . . . present an experiment . . . the effect of X-rays . . . monkeys is . . . way. 16. A great amount . . . work is carried on . . . the field . . . biochemistry. 17. This chamber is designed . . . nuclei analysis. 18. Our Institute is situated . . . Nevsky Avenue. 19. The work . . . our laboratory is allied . . . that of the chemical laboratory.

Ex. 8. Say a few words about your laboratory (Institute).

U s e: be founded; be started; be engaged in; be interested in; investigate problems; experiment; carry on experiments (research investigations); discuss the results (data);work under the guidance of . . .

.
Ex. 9. Make up a talk with your fellow-students about your laboratory as in the model.

U s e: the basic orientation of the laboratory is . . . ;the present facilities contain . . . ; the staff of our laboratory participates in . . . ; there are several laboratories allied with (in) . . . ; our team (research unit) works under . . . ;the experiments are carried out (performed) . . . ; the installation (the chamber) is designed for . . . .

     Model:
     1. The Bio-engineering Laboratory is headed by Dr. B. A lot of different experiments are performed at the Laboratory.
     2. . As to our laboratory, it is headed by Prof. H. and we carry out experiments in the field of . . . .

Ex. 10. Respond to the statements given below as in the model.

     Model:
     1. We carry on experimental research. So do I. A also carry on experimental research.
     2. I am a biophysicist. So am I (So is he).

1. Our laboratory started a new experiment last week (our research unit). 2. Prof. B. gave an interesting talk on proteins (Dr. H.). 3. He is going to complete his investigations next month (his colleague). 4. The paper contains much important information (the monograph). 5. Our team has accomplished its work (ours). 6. We reported our data at the conference (they).

Ex. 11. Make up a talk with your fellow-student about your (or his, her) laboratory.

U s e: be accomplished; be headed; be performed; be under the guidance; be under way; result from; need expansion; go forward; make possible.

Ex. 12. A. Find out whether your fellow-student: has completed his experiment; has completed his paper; must complete his research by the end of the year; has bought a complete collection of Shakespeare's works.

     Model:
     1. Have you completed your work?
     2. Yes, I have. I completed it last month.

B. Find out whether one's research unit: has adequate facilities to carry on research; has up-to-date (modern) facilities for studies; has any out-of-date facilities; must change (substitute) some facilities; has obtained some new facilities.

     Model:
     1. Does your laboratory have all modern facilities for research? Has your laboratory got up-to-date equipment?
     2. . Yes, it does. Yes, it has. The facilities of our laboratory are quite modern.

C. Find out whether the two laboratories are allied in their investigation, carry
on research in allied fields of science, must ally experimental and theoretical studies.

     Model:
     1. Are biology and biochemistry allied sciences?
     2. Yes, they are. They are rather closely allied.

Ex. 13. Answer the following questions. Work in pairs.

A

1. What does the Laboratory for the Human Environment look like? 2. Where is the Laboratory situated? 3. What does the legend on the architrave read? 4. Where does the statue of John B. Pierce stand? 5. What was J. B. Pierce famous for? 6. Whose name does the Laboratory bear? 7. When was the Laboratory expanded?8. What was added to a three-story building in 1938? 9. What were the test houses designed for? 10. Was the modernization of the old facilities considerable? 11. Who is the head of the Physiology Laboratory? 12. Under whose guidance have the experiments been under way at this laboratory? 13. What was the purpose of these experiments? 14. What were the results of the research performed at the Laboratory? 15. What was presented at national meetings of the Society?

B

16. Where is your Institute situated? 17. What kind of building does your Institute occupy? 18. What is the historical background of your Institute? 19. Whose name does your Institute bear? 20. What is the main orientation of the laboratory you work at? 21. Was your Institute reconstructed or rebuilt recently? 22. How many laboratories does your Institute contain? 23. Who is the head of your laboratory? 24. What kind of experiments do they perform at your laboratory? 25. What laboratory is closely connected with yours in its work? 26. How does the staff of your laboratory participate in the research program of the Institute? 27. How many scientific papers resulted from the research accomplished at your laboratory?

Ex. 14. The statements below are wrong. Disagree with them using: that's wrong; you are wrong; you are not (quite) right;        I cannot agree with you (in that); T am afraid you are wrong.

     Model:
     1. If I remember right, the law of gravitation was established by Galileo.
     2. I are afraid you are wrong, it was established by Newton.
1. The Laboratory for the Human Environments does not bear the name of John B. Pierce. 2. To my mind, the basic orientation of this Laboratory is towards the field of mathematics. 3. No о new buildings were added to the Laboratory in 1938. 4. The present facilities of the Laboratory do not contain computer and data reduction centre. 5. As far as I know Dr. Gadge is the heard of the Physiology Laboratory. 6. 1 hear that the staff of the Laboratory has nothing to do with the Yale University Medical School. 7. As far as I know your Institute was founded quite recently. 8. I hear you are not interested in your work. 9. They say you have your laboratory seminars very rarely. 10. It seems to me you have published only a small part of the results obtained.

Ex. 15. Give English equivalents to the following sentences.

A

1. Лаборатория по изучению окружающей человека среды (условий) была основана Джоном Пирсом. 2. Эта лаборатория находится в Нью-Хейвоне, штат Коннектикут, и занимает трехэтажное кирпичное здание на Конгресс-авеню. 3. Лаборатория занимается исследованиями в области психологии, биофизики, биохимии и техники. 4. В 1938 году помещение лаборатории было значительно расширено. 5. Современное помещение содержит несколько различных лабораторий. 6. В физиологической лаборатории работа ведется под руководством доктора Хаммеля. 7. В этой лаборатории проводятся эксперименты на обезьянах, собаках и крысах. 8. Во главе биотехнической лаборатории стоит доктор Гейдж. 9. Штат лаборатории Пирса тесно связан по своей работе с Медицинским колледжем Университета. 10. Сотрудники лаборатории выполняют работы на факультете и ведут там преподавательскую и исследовательскую работу. 11. В результате работы, которую выполняет лаборатория, появляются многочисленные статьи и доклады. 12. Научные доклады (сообщения) обычно делаются на заседаниях Общества.

B

13. Где расположен институт, в котором вы работаете? 14. Наш институт занимает многоэтажное здание в центре города. 15. Основателем нашей лаборатории был академик ПI. 16. Лаборатория названа его именем. 17. Основное направление в работе нашей лаборатории - изучение строения клетки. 18. Несколько лет тому назад наш институт был расширен, и к нему было пристроено двухэтажное здание. 19. Лаборатория проводит одновременное изучение нескольких физических явлений. 20. Недавно в этой лаборатории проводились опыты по изучению влияния охлаждения на работу мышц. 21. Кто руководит лабораторией 4? 22. Штат нашей лаборатории не очень большой.23. Ежегодно сотрудники нашего института публикуют большое количество работ в химических журналах. 24. Недавно было сделано два интересных сообщения на конференции.

Ex. 16. Give a talk on your laboratory. Use the words and expressions given below.

1. Laboratory department, team, research unit. Associates, collaborators, co-workers, the chief of . . . , the head of . . . .
Academician, corresponding member, Doctor of Science (D. Sc.), Professor, junior researcher, senior re╛searcher, laboratory assistant (lab. assistant, technician). Equipment, apparatus, chamber, devices, installations, instruments.

2. Modern, up-to-date, out-of-date.
3. Carry on, consist of, work under. Be dealt with, be equipped, be handled, be headed, be operated, be situated.

Text 3
IMPERIAL COLLEGE, LONDON

     The Imperial College of Science and Technology is one of the oldest and most important scientific institutes in England. It now forms part of the University of London, and fulfils the dual purpose of teaching students and fostering research in science and technology.
     Imperial College began as the Royal College of Science in the middle of the nineteenth century, when it was realized that teaching and pursuing science and its applications was necessary to fully carry out the industrial revolution and keep Britain in the forepost of technological advance. Many famous scientists were associated with the early days of the College, for example Huxley and Wells. Prince Albert, the royal patron, also closely followed scientific work at the College. With the addition of the City and Guilds Institute and the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College acquired large engineering facilities in addition to those for pure scientific research.
     Today the main departments are: Physics (of which Professor Blockett is well known), Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Aeronautics, Mining Technology, Chemistry and Mathematics. A large new department is the Biochemical Department, headed by Professor Chain.
     Imperial College is fortunate in having several new buildings with many excellent laboratories, and more are being built. A Computer Section develops the facilities of the College's two computers for the use of all departments. The College also has facilities outside London in a biological field station and a mining research station,
     At the present time about 2000 students are studying at Imperial College for their first degree. There are also about 1000 research students, working for higher degrees and participating in the research work of the College. A large proportion of them are overseas students from many different countries. There is much excellent research work undertaken at Imperial College in a wide range of subjects. Now research groups include one working on traffic problems, an operational research group, and a history of science department.
      Imperial College is still growing in size and numbers, and as an almost independent institution it rivals many other colleges of London University put together. It is possible that it will be associated with other institutes nearby, the Royal Schools of Art and Music, to develop into a separate University. In this way it is hoped to continue to train specialized scientists and engineers in a more varied cultural atmosphere than a university is supposed to embody.

1. research student ≈ аспирант, соискатель
2. overseas students ≈ иностранные студенты

Exercises

Ex. 1. Give Russian equivalents to the sentences below paying special attention to the parts in italics.

1. The Imperial College of Science and Technology forms part of the University of London. 2. It fulfils the dual purposes of teaching students and fostering research in science and technology. 3. It was necessary to fully carry out the industrial revolution and keep Britain in the forepost of technological advance. 4. Imperial Colledge acquired large engineering facilities in addition to those for pure scientific research. 5. A Computer Section develops the facilities of the College's two computers for the use of all departments. 6. There are about 1000 research students, working for higher degrees and participating in the research work of the college. 7. Much excellent research work is undertaken at Imperial College in a wide range of subjects. 8. Imperial College is still growing in size and numbers. 9. Imperial College rivals many other colleges of London University put together. 10. In this way it is hoped to continue to train specialized scientists and engineers.

Ex. 2. Answer the questions according to the model.

     Model:
1. What kind of research was Niels Bohr awarded for?
2. He was awarded the Nobel prize for his study of atomic structure and radiation.

1. What kind of research was Darwin engaged in? 2. What research does your team carry on? 3. What kind of research did you carry on last year? 4. I know many biologists who do research in field stations. What kind of research do they carry on there? 5. What kind of research is carried on by means of electron microscopy? 6. What research is usually carried on at the Biochemical department (laboratory)?

Ex. 3. Try to answer the questions as in the model.

     Model:
1. Are you going to read for your exam?
2. Yes, I am. I am going to take my exam next month and I am reading for it now.

1. Do you work on your thesis? 2. Is it important to read for the paper you are going to present at the seminar? 3. Were you asked to participate in the foregoing discussion? 4. Do you generally have to read much for your lectures (classes, seminars)? 5. Was your previous research associated with experimenting? 76. Will you be engaged in the solution of any fundamental problem next year? 7. Is anyone of your fellow-researchers working for a higher degree at present? 8. Is your Institute growing in size and numbers?

Ex. 4. Find out all you can about the Imperial College by asking questions. Follow the model. Make up a short talk.

Model:
1. Is the Imperial College of Science and Technology an English scientific institution?
2. I think (As far as I know) the Imperial College is the oldest and most important scientific institute in England.

1. What are the dual purposes of the Imperial College? 2. What famous scientists were associated with the Imperial College? 3. What are the main departments of the Imperial College at present? 4. How many students and research students are studying at the Imperial College at the present time? 5. What new research groups have been formed at the Imperial College? 6. What is the main goal (task, purpose) of the I. C.?

Ex. 5. Insert prepositions.

A

1. Imperial College is fostering research . . . science and technology. 2. It was founded as the Royal College . . . the middle . . . the nineteenth century. 3. The aim . . . its foundation was to keep Britain . . . the forepost . . . technological advance. 4. Many famous scientists were associated . . . the College. 5. There are large engineering facilities . . . addition . . . those . . . pure scientific research. 6. One . . . the departments is headed . . . Professor Chain. 7. The College is fortunate . . . having several new buildings . . . many laboratories. 8. The College has facilities . . . London . . . a biological field station. 9. . . . the present time many research students are working . . . higher degree . . . Imperial College. 10. Much research work is undertaken . . . Imperial College . . . a wide range . . . subjects. 11. The College is growing . . . size and numbers. 12. Very soon it will develop . . . a separate University.

B

l3. What well-known scientists are associated . . . your Institute? 14. This Institute is fostering research . . . cytology. 15. The Institute of Semiconductors was founded . . . the middle . . . the twentieth century . . . Academician Joffe. 16. Our Institute is . . . the forepost . . . physical science. 17. The Laboratory . . . Biochemistry is headed . . . Professor N. 18. The post graduates . . . our Institute are now studying . . . higher degrees.
19. I do a lot of reading . . . my examination in English.20. We hope to train specialized scientists . . . many ways.

Ex. 6. Respond to the statements as in the model.

     Model:
1. He learns English (French).
2. As far as I know (I think) he learns English in addition to French.

1. Most of the University professors carry on research work (teaching). 2. The laboratory staff is engaged in applied research (pure scientific one). 3. Dr. H. has published a monograph (several papers). 4. Important theoretical investigations (experimental work) are carried on at the Institute. 5. Recently a new building has been built for the Institute (two old ones). 6. At present the computer centre has several quite modern installations (several older computers).

Ex. 7. A. Find out whether your fellow-student: often applies modern methods and techniques; knows how to apply the law of gravitation; is going to apply for a new position; can apply a new theory in his experiments.

     Model:
1. Do you apply the theory of conductivity in your experiments?
2. Yes, I do. In fact I apply it rather often.

B. Talking to your colleague find out whether: he (she) has fulfilled his (her) task; usually fulfills what has been planned.

     Model:
1. Had your research program been fulfilled by the end of last month?
2. Yes, it had. I actually had fulfilled it by the beginning of the month.

С. Find out from your fellow-student whether: he (she) followed your advice; his (her) communication was followed by a discussion; he (she) can easily follow English speech; he (she) follows the same technique as you do; the lecture followed by the film was interesting.

     Model:
1. Do you follow the procedure proposed by your supervisor?
2. Yes, I do. I strictly follow it. It has proved to be very useful.

D. Talking to your fellow-student find out whether: he (she) has undertaken a new research; any attempts have been undertaken to find a new approach because the old one was not Successful; the work he (she) undertook was a success.

     Model:
1. Have you undertaken, any steps (efforts) to find the book you need?
2. Yes, I have. And I have found it at last.

Ex. 9. Make up a talk with your fellow-students about your Institute (laboratory, research) as in the model.

U s e: be the oldest (the youngest); one of the old; one of the new; the aim of the Institute (laboratory) is . . . ;be headed; run by . . . ; have good facilities for research;
be well equipped with . . . ; undertake research work in . . . ; work for higher degree; read for . . . .

Ex. 10. Answer the following questions.

A

1. What kind of institution is the Imperial College of Science and Technology? 2. What are the purposes of the College? 3. In what field does it foster. research? 4. When did the College begin as the Royal College of Science? 5. Why was teaching and pursuing science so necessary at that time? 6. What helped to keep Britain in the forepost of technological advance? 7. Who was associated with the early days of the College? 8. What facilities did the College acquire? 9. What are the main departments of Imperial College? 10. Are there any new buildings being built for the College? 11. Is the College related to the University of London? 12. What was realized in the middle of the nineteenth century? 13. What historical events of great importance took place in the middle of the nineteenth century? 14. What department is run by Professor Chain?

B

15. What can you tell us about your Institute? 16. What is your opinion of the research carried on at your Institute? 17. What do you think is the main purpose of this research? 18. What are the facilities for research at your Institute? 19. Has it any facilities outside the town? 20. How many research students are there at your laboratory? 21. Is your Institute growing in size and numbers? 22. Are there any new research units (teams) at your Institute and what are they working on? 23. What well-known scientists work at your Institute?

Ex. 11. Give a full affirmative answer to the following questions. Make use of an adverb or an adjective in brackets.

     Model:
a)
1. Are you doing theoretical or experimental work? (most, mostly}.
2. I am doing experimental work mostly.
b)
1. Is the Imperial College an important scientific institution? (most, mostly).
2. Yes, it is the most important scientific institution.

1. Do you live near your Institute? (close to, closely). 2. How does your adviser follow your work? (close to, closely). 3. Are computers used only for the data processing? (large, largely). 4. How is your laboratory equipped? (good, well). 5. What kind of equipment do you have in your laboratory? (good, well). 6. What laboratory was the last to be founded at your Institute? (new, newly). 7. Where has the Institute been moved? (new, newly). 8. Have you obtained all the necessary data? (near, nearly). 9. Where is your Institute situated? (near, nearly)

.
Ex. 12. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use such introductory phrases as: you are quite right; it is really; so it is; of course, it is; I quite agree with you. Or: that is wrong, you are wrong; I am afraid you are wrong; on the contrary; I can't agree with you; you are mistaken.

     Model:
a)
1. The Imperial College is the oldest institution in England.
2. You are quite right. It is one of the oldest institutions of England.
b)
1. This College does not carry on research in science.
2. But it does. It carries on research in science. (I am afraid you are mistaken, it carries on research in science

1. There are no laboratories at your Institute. 2. To my mind, your Institute has quite up-to-date facilities for research. 3. I hear the staff of your Institute is very small. 4. As far as I know, your research covers wide range of subjects. 5. Your team does not undertake any important research. 6. To my knowledge, a great number of research students are working for their higher degree. 7. There are no research units working on traffic problems at your Institute. 8. Your laboratory is not growing in size and numbers at the moment, is it? 9. Research students are not supposed to take their examinations in languages. 10. In the Soviet Union many research institutions are housed in several new buildings with many excellent laboratories.

Ex. 13. Translate into English.

A

1. Империал-колледж ≈ одно из старейших и наиболее важных научных заведений Англии. 2. Колледж представляет собой часть Лондонского университета. 3. Колледж служит двум целям: обучению студентов и проведению большой технической работы. 4. Империал-колледж возник в середине XIX столетия. 5. Очень скоро этот колледж оказался самым передовым учебным заведением. 6. С первыми годами деятельности колледжа связаны имена многих известных ученых. 7. В настоящее время создано несколько больших новых отделений. 8. Во главе одного из таких отделений стоит профессор П. 9. Кроме того, колледж имеет несколько филиалов за пределами Лондона. 10. В колледже сейчас ведутся многочисленные исследовательские работы в широком масштабе. 11. Размеры колледжа и штат преподавателей и сотрудников продолжают расти с каждым годом.

B

12. Этот институт был основан в начале XX века. 13. Сейчас он является ведущим институтом в нашей стране. 14. Исследовательские работы здесь проводятся в широком масштабе и затрагивают многие области физики. 15. Институт имеет большие возможности для научной работы. 16. В институте много аспирантов, которые работают под руководством крупных специалистов. 17. Основными отделами института в настоящее время являются отделы физики и электротехники. 18. В настоящее время разрабатывается ряд новых исследовательских тем. 19. Предполагается выделить из института физическую лабораторию и развить ее в самостоятельный институт.

Ex. 14. Give a talk about your work. Use the words and expressions given below.

1. I work (began to work) at the Institute (at (in) the Laboratory (of), at the Designing Bureau, at the office, at the Research Institute, in the field (of), at a problem, subject, theme). . . . 2. I work in a team (research unit), do independent research. 3. I do theoretical research (applied, experimental). 4. I am concerned with (I deal with) a theme, a subject, investigations, method, technique. I carry on research (in, into), investigation (of), experiments (on). . . . 5. I use (employ, elaborate, work out) different (various) methods, techniques. I experiment on, make experiments, carry on experiments.6. I obtain (collect) the data, the results. I take readings.7. I make (draw) conclusions (arrive at some conclusions) (come to some conclusions). 8. The problem I solve is important (of importance, interesting (of interest), essential). It is the key problem of . . . .

Ex. 15. Give a detailed account of your Institute, laboratory, your research and activity. The questions below may guide you in your talk. Work in pairs.

A

1. Who are you? 2. Where did you study? 3. When did you graduate from the Institute (University)? 4. How long were you studying at the Institute (University). 5. Where do you work? 6. How long have you been working there? 7. What is your field (occupation)? 8. What laboratory do you work at? 9. In what field do you carry on your investigation?

В

1. Where is your Institute situated? 2. Is it far from the place you live in? 3. How long (much) does it take you to come to your Institute? 4. How do you get to your Institute? 5. Do you go by bus or by tram? 6. Do you have any changes? 7. Does your Institute occupy one building or several? 8. Is the building of your Institute large (multistoried)? 9. Is it a new or an old building? 10. When was the Institute established? 11. Who Was the founder of the Institute? 12. After whom is the Institute named? 13. Who is the head (director, deputy director) of the Institute? 14. Is the staff of your Institute large? 15. Is there a Scientific Council at your Institute? 16. Who is the scientific secretary? 17. Does your Institute hold any conferences, symposia or seminars? 18. Are there any distinguished scientists at your Institute? 19. What kind of research does the Institute do?20. What kind of problems does the Institute deal with?21. What is the key problem your laboratory is solving at present? 22. Is the scope of the research wide? 23. How many laboratories (departments) are there at your Institute?

C

1. Where is your laboratory situated (what floor)? 2. Is your laboratory large or small? 3. How many co-workers (collaborators) are there in your laboratory? 4. Who is the chief of your laboratory? 5. How many research workers are there in the laboratory? 6. Are there many laboratory assistants at your laboratory? 7. Is your laboratory subdivided into teams (research units)? 8. Are there senior and junior researchers at the laboratory? 9. What kind of equipment do you have at your laboratory? 10. Are there any big installations and what are they? 11. Are there any special chambers? 12. Where do you keep the equipment (apparatus, instruments) at your laboratory? 13. Is the equipment up-to-date (modern)? 14. Do the collaborators know how to handle (to operate) the installations and apparatus? 15. What kind of research does your laboratory carry on? 16. What does it experiment on (with)? 17. How long does one experiment usually last? 18. How are the obtained results usually processed? 19. In what way do you check your experimental data?

D

I. 1. Are you a postgraduate (a research student)? 2. When did you take your postgraduate course? 3. Have you passed all your examinations already? 4. When are you going to take your exam in English? 5. Who is your adviser (supervisor)? 6. Do you work at your thesis? Have you started to work at your thesis? 7. What part of your dissertation have you already completed? 8. Is the experimental part of your work completed? 9. Have you any publications on the subject you study? 10. When are you supposed to read your thesis? 11. What science degree do you expect to get?
II. 12. In what field do you do (carry on) your research? 13. Are you a theoretician or an experimentalist? 14. What problems do you investigate? 15. Do you study a new area of physics (biology, chemistry)? 16. Do you carry on research individually or in a team? 17. What is the object of your research? 18. What methods do you use (employ) in your work? 19. Do you develop (work out) various methods? 20. What do you usually do when the experiment is over? 21. What do you do with the data you obtain? 22. Is it difficult to analyze the results? 23. Can you claim that the problem you studied is sol╛ved?

Ex. 16. Listen to the following taxts and answer the questions.

THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
     The Indian Institute of Science was started with the Departments of Electrical Technology and Pure and Applied Chemistry. The Department of Biochemistry was formed in 1921. In 1935 when Sir C. V. Raman became the Director of the Institute, the Department of Physics was started. During the Second World War, the Department of Aeronautical Engineering was established. After the War, a scheme of expansion was planned. This included improvement in and expansion of the existing departments.
     The Institute has been a pioneer in advanced instruction and research in science and engineering in India, and had contributed substantially to the scientific and industrial development of the country. A number of industries has been established as a result of the research carried out in the laboratories of the Institute. The facilities available in these laboratories are made use of both by private and Government-owned industries.

1. What Institute is described in the text? 2. When was the Department of Biochemistry formed? 3. What department was started by Sir Raman in 1935? 4. When was the Department of Aeronautical Engineering established? 5. When did it become possible to improve and expand the existing departments? 6. In what way had the Institute contributed substantially to the scientific and industrial development of the country?

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
     The largest and most diversified program of civil research in Canada is carried out by the National Research Council (NRC). Its laboratories are engaged in many investigations of interest to Canadian industry. Some are undertaken on the initiative of the council itself in order to develop promising ideas of its own scientists; some are taken up on recommendations of the Council's associate committees, which include representatives from industry who are interested in particular problems; and others are undertaken in co-operation with individual companies. Routine test work is avoided except when the Council is asked to certify performance of equipment as an independent body.
     Each problem presented to the Council is considered on its merits and dealt with in what seems the most practical way: those of national interest may be undertaken at the expense of the Council; the expense of company problems of less than national scope may be shared by the company and NRC; when facilities are not available elsewhere, specific industrial research may be undertaken by NRC, the results of which become the property of the company,

1. Where is the largest and most diversified program of civil research carried out in Canada? 2. How does the work of NRC contribute to Canadian industry? 3. In what way are the problems presented to the Council dealt with? 4. At what expense is the research on the problems carried out?

THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
     The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been an educational pioneer since its founding. It virtually created the modern profession of chemical engineering and was the first technological institution to recognize and provide for economics as an important element in the education of the engineer. The Institute was the first to establish courses in aeronautical engineering, architectural engineering, chemical engineering, food technology, industrial biology, marine engineering, and naval architecture.
     The Institute is at present taking the leadership in upgrading and modernizing the education of engineers. Its Electrical Engineering Department has led the way by a drastic overhaul of its curriculum which embodies a more fundamental approach to electrical engineering. This spirit is now finding rapid acceptance through the School of Engineering.
     At present the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has the most comprehensive and varied research programme in the physical sciences and technology to be found in any one place in the world. It has at present under way 900 separate research projects. There is scarcely any aspect of American science and technology that is not touched - and advanced - by its creative activity.

1. Has the MIT been an educational pioneer since its founding? 2. Where was the modern profession of chemical engineering created? 3. What was recognized as an important element in the education of the engineer? 4. What courses were established for the first time by the MIT? 6. How many separate research projects has the MIT under way at present?

Ex. 17. Read the following texts and render them into English using words and expressions studied in the section.

УНИВЕРСИТЕТЫ АНГЛИИ
     Британские старейшие и знаменитые университеты Оксфорд и Кембридж были основаны в XII веке. Эти великие центры образования и пауки во многих отношениях придерживаются традиций прошлого, но они снабжены прекрасно оборудованными лабораториями и огромными библиотеками, насчитывающими тысячи томов. Основные предметы (дисциплины), которые преподаются в Оксфорде, включают древние языки, философию, историю, право, медицину, естественные науки и математику. Оксфорд уже с XIII века стал одним из важнейших университетов Европы. Что касается Кембриджа, то в конце XVII века, когда Ньютон был назначен в нем профессором математики, он стал знаменит своей обширной программой по этому предмету. А в 1871 году Максвеллом там была основана экспериментальная физическая лаборатория.
     В настоящее время оба университета продолжают оставаться важнейшими центрами культуры и науки Англии.

ПУЛКОВСКАЯ ОБСЕРВАТОРИЯ
     Расположенная на Пулковских высотах по линии Пулковского меридиана, Главная обсерватория Академии наук СССР пользуется всемирной известностью. Ее называют "астрономической столицей мира". Обсерватория была построена в 1830-х годах по проекту архитектора А. П. Брюллова. Со времени своего открытия в 1839 году обсерватория играла руководящую роль в русских геодезических работах, труды ее сотрудников по звездной астрономии получили международное признание. В годы войны фашисты варварски разрушили Пулково. Теперь обсерватория восстановлена, капитально реконструирована и снабжена новейшими приборами и оборудованием. В последнее время научные сотрудники много сделали для изучения космоса с помощью наблюдений за советскими искусственными спутниками Земли.